Data Storage Guide for Flutter

With the Data Storage service, you can have your app persist data on the cloud and query them at any time. The code below shows how you can create an object and store it into the cloud:

LCObject todo = LCObject("Todo");
todo["title"] = "R&D Weekly Meeting";
todo["content"] = "All team members, Tue 2pm";
await todo.save();

The SDK designed for each language interacts with the same REST API via HTTPS, offering fully functional interfaces for you to manipulate the data in the cloud.

Installing SDK

See Installing Flutter SDK.

Objects

LCObject

The objects on the cloud are built around LCObject. Each LCObject contains key-value pairs of JSON-compatible data. This data is schema-free, which means that you don't need to specify ahead of time what keys exist on each LCObject. Simply set whatever key-value pairs you want, and our backend will store them.

For example, the LCObject storing a simple todo item may contain the following data:

title:      "Email Linda to Confirm Appointment",
isComplete: false,
priority:   2,
tags:       ["work", "sales"]

Data Types

LCObject supports a wide range of data types to be used for each field, including common ones like String, Number, Boolean, Object, Array, and Date. You can nest objects in JSON format to store more structured data within a single Object or Array field.

Special data types supported by LCObject include Pointer and File, which are used to store a reference to another LCObject and binary data respectively.

LCObject also supports GeoPoint, a special data type you can use to store location-based data. See GeoPoints for more details.

Some examples:

// Basic types
int number = 2018;
bool boolValue = true;
String stringValue = 'hello, world';
DateTime now = DateTime.now();
List intList = [1, 2, 3];
Map<String, dynamic> stringMap = {
  'year': 1780,
  'first': 'partridge',
  'second': 'turtledoves',
  'fifth': 'golden rings'
};

// Create an object
LCObject object = new LCObject('Hello');
object['intValue'] = intValue;
object['boolValue'] = boolValue;
object['stringValue'] = stringValue;
object['time'] = now;
object['intList'] = intList;
object['stringMap'] = stringMap;

We do not recommend storing large pieces of binary data like images or documents with LCObject using byte[]. The size of each LCObject should not exceed 128 KB. We recommend using LCFile for storing images, documents, and other types of files. To do so, create LCFile objects and assign them to fields of LCObject. See Files for details.

Keep in mind that our backend stores dates in UTC format and the SDK will convert them to local times upon retrieval.

The date values displayed on Dashboard > Data Storage > Data are also converted to match your operating system's time zone. The only exception is that when you retrieve these date values through our REST API, they will remain in UTC format. You can manually convert them using appropriate time zones when necessary.

To learn about how you can protect the data stored on the cloud, see Data Security.

Creating Objects

The code below creates a new instance of LCObject with class Todo:

LCObject todo = new LCObject("Todo");

The constructor takes a class name as a parameter so that the cloud knows the class you are using to create the object. A class is comparable to a table in a relational database. A class name starts with a letter and can only contain numbers, letters, and underscores.

Saving Objects

The following code saves a new object with class Todo to the cloud:

LCObject todo = LCObject("Todo");
todo['title'] = 'Sign up for Marathon';
todo['priority'] = 2;
await todo.save();

To make sure the object is successfully saved, take a look at Dashboard > Data Storage > Data > Todo in your app. You should see a new entry of data with something like this when you click on its objectId:

{
  "title": "Sign up for Marathon",
  "priority": 2,
  "ACL": {
    "*": {
      "read": true,
      "write": true
    }
  },
  "objectId": "582570f38ac247004f39c24b",
  "createdAt": "2017-11-11T07:19:15.549Z",
  "updatedAt": "2017-11-11T07:19:15.549Z"
}

You don't have to create or set up a new class called Todo in Dashboard > Data Storage > Data before running the code above. If the class doesn't exist, it will be automatically created.

Several built-in fields are provided by default which you don't need to specify in your code:

Built-in Field	Type	Description
objectId	String	A unique identifier for each saved object.
ACL	LCACL	Access Control List, a special object defining the read and write permissions of other people.
createdAt	Date	The time the object was created.
updatedAt	Date	The time the object was last modified.

Each of these fields is filled in by the cloud automatically and doesn't exist on the local LCObject until a save operation has been completed.

Field names, or keys, can only contain letters, numbers, and underscores. A custom key can neither start with double underscores __, nor be identical to any system reserved words or built-in field names (ACL, className, createdAt, objectId, and updatedAt) regardless of letter cases.

Values can be strings, numbers, booleans, or even arrays and dictionaries — anything that can be JSON-encoded. See Data Types for more information.

We recommend that you adopt CamelCase naming convention to NameYourClassesLikeThis and nameYourKeysLikeThis, which keeps your code more readable.

Retrieving Objects

If an LCObject is already in the cloud, you can retrieve it using its objectId with the following code:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
LCObject todo = await query.get('582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
String title = todo['title'];
int priority = todo['priority'];

String objectId = todo.objectId;
DateTime updatedAt = todo.updatedAt;
DateTime createdAt = todo.createdAt;

If you try to access a field or property that doesn't exist, the SDK will not raise an error. Instead, it will return null.

LCObject todo = LCObject.createWithoutData('Todo', '582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
await todo.fetch();
// todo is refreshed

LCObject todo = LCObject.createWithoutData('Todo', '582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
await todo.fetch(includes: ['priority','location']);
// Only priority and location will be retrieved and refreshed

Updating Objects

To update an existing object, assign the new data to each field and call the save method. For example:

LCObject todo = LCObject.createWithoutData('Todo', '582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
todo['content'] = 'Weekly meeting has been rescheduled to Wed 3pm for this week.';
await todo.save();

LeanCloud automatically figures out which data has changed and only the fields with changes will be sent to the cloud. The fields you didn't update will remain intact.

try {
  LCObject account = LCObject.createWithoutData('Account', '5745557f71cfe40068c6abe0');
  // Atomically decrease balance by 100
  int amount = -100;
  account.increment('balance', amount);
  // Add the condition
  LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Account');
  query.whereGreaterThanOrEqualTo('balance', -amount);
  // Return the latest data in the cloud upon completion.
  // All the fields will be returned if the object is new,
  // otherwise only fields with changes will be returned.
  await account.save(fetchWhenSave: true, query: query);
  print('Balance: ${account['balance']}');
} on LCException catch (e) {
  if (e.code == 305) {
    print("Insufficient balance. Operation failed!");
  }
}

Updating Counters

Take Twitter as an example, we need to keep track of how many Likes and Retweets a tweet has gained so far. Since a Like or Retweet action can be triggered simultaneously by multiple clients, saving objects with updated values directly can lead to inaccurate results. To make sure that the total number is stored correctly, you can atomically increase (or decrease) the value of a number field:

post.increment("likes", 1);

You can specify the amount of increment (or decrement) by providing an additional argument. If the argument is not provided, 1 is used by default.

Updating Arrays

There are several operations that can be used to atomically update an array associated with a given key:

• add(key, value) appends the given object to the end of an array.
• addAll(key, values) appends the given objects to the end of an array.
• addUnique(key, value) adds the given object into an array only if it is not in it. The object will be inserted at a random position.
• addAllUnique(key, values) appends the given array objects to the end of an array ensuring that each object only appears once within the array.
• remove(key, value) removes all instances of the given object from an array.
• removeAll(key, values) removes all instances of the given objects from an array.

For example, Todo has a field named alarms for keeping track of the times at which a user wants to be alerted. The following code adds the times to the alarms field:

DateTime alarm1 = DateTime.parse('2018-04-30 07:10:00Z');
DateTime alarm2 = DateTime.parse('2018-04-30 07:20:00Z');
DateTime alarm3 = DateTime.parse('2018-04-30 07:30:00Z');

LCObject todo = LCObject("Todo");
todo.addAllUnique('alarms', [alarm1, alarm2, alarm3]);
await todo.save();

Deleting Objects

The following code deletes a Todo object from the cloud:

LCObject todo = LCObject.createWithoutData('Todo', '582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
await todo.delete();

You can delete a given field of an object with the unset method:

LCObject todo = LCObject.createWithoutData('Todo', '582570f38ac247004f39c24b');
todo.unset('priority');
await todo.save();

Removing data from the cloud should always be dealt with great caution as it may lead to non-recoverable data loss. We strongly advise that you read ACL Guide to understand the risks thoroughly. You should also consider implementing class-level, object-level, and field-level permissions for your classes in the cloud to guard against unauthorized data operations.

Batch Processing

You can create, save, delete, or fetch multiple objects within a single request:

LCObject.saveAll();

LCObject.deleteAll();

LCObject.fetchAll();

The following code sets isComplete of all Todo objects to be true:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
List<LCObject> results = await query.find();

for (LCObject todo in results) {
  todo['isComplete'] = true;
}
await LCObject.saveAll(results);

Although each function call sends multiple operations in one single network request, saving operations and fetching operations are billed as separate API calls for each object in the collection, while deleting operations are billed as a single API call.

Data Models

Objects may have relationships with other objects. For example, in a blogging application, a Post object may have relationships with many Comment objects. The Data Storage service supports three kinds of relationships, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.

One-to-One and One-to-Many Relationships

One-to-one and one-to-many relationships are modeled by saving LCObject as a value in the other object. For example, each Comment in a blogging app might correspond to one Post.

The following code creates a new Post with a single Comment:

// Create a post
LCObject post = LCObject("Post");
post['title'] = 'I am starving!';
post['content'] = 'Hmmm, where should I go for lunch?';

// Create a comment
LCObject comment = LCObject("Comment");
comment['content'] = 'KFC is the best!';

// Add the post as a property of the comment
comment['parent'] = post;

// This will save both post and comment
await comment.save();

Internally, the backend will store the referred-to object with the Pointer type in just one place in order to maintain consistency. You can also link objects using their objectIds like this:

LCObject post = LCObject.createWithoutData('Post', '57328ca079bc44005c2472d0');
comment['post'] = post;

See Relational Queries for instructions on how to query relational data.

Many-to-Many Relationships

The easiest way to model many-to-many relationships is to use arrays. In most cases, using arrays helps you reduce the number of queries you need to make and leads to better performance. However, if additional properties need to be attached to the relationships between two classes, using join tables would be a better choice. Keep in mind that the additional properties are used to describe the relationships between classes rather than any single class.

We recommend you to use join tables if the total number of objects of any class exceeds 100.

Queries

We've already seen how you can retrieve a single object from the cloud with LCObject, but it doesn't seem to be powerful enough when you need to retrieve multiple objects that match certain conditions at once. In such a situation, LCQuery would be a more efficient tool you can use.

Basic Queries

The general steps of performing a basic query include:

1. Creating LCQuery.
2. Putting conditions on it.
3. Retrieving an array of objects matching the conditions.

The code below retrieves all Student objects whose lastName is Smith:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Student');
query.whereEqualTo('lastName', 'Smith');
// students is an array of Student objects satisfying conditions
List<LCObject> students = await query.find();

Query Constraints

There are several ways to put constraints on the objects found by LCObject.

The code below filters out objects with Jack as firstName:

query.whereNotEqualTo("firstName", "Jack");

For sortable types like numbers and strings, you can use comparisons in queries:

// Restricts to age < 18
query.whereLessThan("age", 18);

// Restricts to age <= 18
query.whereLessThanOrEqualTo("age", 18);

// Restricts to age > 18
query.whereGreaterThan("age", 18);

// Restricts to age >= 18
query.whereGreaterThanOrEqualTo("age", 18);

You can apply multiple constraints to a single query, and objects will only be in the results if they match all of the constraints. In other words, it's like concatenating constraints with AND:

query.whereEqualTo("firstName", "Jack");
query.whereGreaterThan("age", 18);

You can limit the number of results by setting limit (defaults to 100):

// Get at most 10 results
query.limit(10);

For performance reasons, the maximum value allowed for limit is 1000, meaning that the cloud would only return 1,000 results even if it is set to be greater than 1000.

If you need exactly one result, you may use getFirstInBackground for convenience:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
query.whereEqualTo('priority', 2);
LCObject todo = await query.first();

You can skip a certain number of results by setting skip:

// Skip the first 20 results
query.skip(20);

You can implement pagination in your app by using skip together with limit:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
query.whereEqualTo("priority", 2);
query.limit(10);
query.skip(20);

Keep in mind that the higher the skip goes, the slower the query will run. You may consider using createdAt or updatedAt (which are indexed) to set range boundaries for large datasets to make queries more efficient. You may also use the last value returned from an auto-increment field along with limit for pagination.

For sortable types, you can control the order in which results are returned:

// Sorts the results in ascending order by the createdAt property
query.orderByAscending("createdAt");

// Sorts the results in descending order by the createdAt property
query.orderByDescending("createdAt");

You can even attach multiple sorting rules to a single query:

query.addAscendingOrder("priority");
query.addDescendingOrder("createdAt");

To retrieve objects that have or do not have particular fields:

// Finds objects that have the "images" field
query.whereExists("images");

// Finds objects that don't have the 'images' field
query.whereDoesNotExist("images");

You can restrict the fields returned by providing a list of keys with selectKeys. The code below retrieves todos with only the title and content fields (and also special built-in fields including objectId, createdAt, and updatedAt):

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
query.select('title');
query.select('content');
LCObject todo = await query.first();

String title = todo['title']; // √
String content = todo['content']; // √
String notes = todo['notes']; // null

You can add a minus prefix to the attribute name for inverted selection. For example, if you do not care about the post author, use -author. The inverted selection also applies to preserved attributes and can be used with dot notations, e.g., -pubUser.createdAt.

The unselected fields can be fetched later with fetchInBackground. See Refreshing Objects.

Queries on String Values

Use whereStartsWith to restrict to string values that start with a particular string. Similar to a LIKE operator in SQL, it is indexed so it is efficient for large datasets:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
// SQL equivalent: title LIKE 'lunch%'
query.whereStartsWith("title", "lunch");

Use whereContains to restrict to string values that contain a particular string:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
// SQL equivalent: title LIKE '%lunch%'
query.whereContains("title", "lunch");

Unlike whereStartsWith, whereContains can't take advantage of indexes, so it is not encouraged to be used for large datasets.

Please note that both whereStartsWith and whereContains perform case-sensitive matching, so the examples above will not look for string values containing Lunch, LUNCH, etc.

If you are looking for string values that do not contain a particular string, use whereMatches with regular expressions:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
// "title" without "ticket" (case-insensitive)
query.whereMatches("title", "^((?!ticket).)*$", "i");

However, performing queries with regular expressions as constraints can be very expensive, especially for classes with over 100,000 records. The reason behind this is that queries like this can't take advantage of indexes and will lead to exhaustive scanning of the whole dataset to find the matching objects. We recommend that you take a look at our In-App Searching feature, a full-text search solution we provide to improve your app's searching ability and user experience.

If you are facing performance issues with queries, please refer to Optimizing Performance for possible workarounds and best practices.

Queries on Array Values

The code below looks for all the objects with work as an element of its array field tags:

query.whereEqualTo("tags", "work");

To look for objects whose array field tags contains three elements:

query.whereSizeEqual("tags", 3);

You can also look for objects whose array field tags contains work, sales, and appointment:

query.whereContainsAll("tags", Arrays.asList("work", "sales", "appointment"));

To retrieve objects whose field matches any one of the values in a given list, you can use whereContainedIn instead of performing multiple queries. The code below constructs a query that retrieves todo items with priority to be 1 or 2:

// Single query
LCQuery<LCObject> priorityOneOrTwo = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
priorityOneOrTwo.whereContainedIn("priority", Arrays.asList(1, 2));
// Mission completed :)

// ---------------
//       vs.
// ---------------

// Multiple queries
final LCQuery<LCObject> priorityOne = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
priorityOne.whereEqualTo("priority", 1);

final LCQuery<LCObject> priorityTwo = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
priorityTwo.whereEqualTo("priority", 2);

LCQuery<LCObject> priorityOneOrTwo = LCQuery.or(Arrays.asList(priorityOne, priorityTwo));
// Kind of verbose :(

Conversely, you can use whereNotContainedIn if you want to retrieve objects that do not match any of the values in a list.

Relational Queries

There are several ways to perform queries for relational data. To retrieve objects whose given field matches a particular LCObject, you can use whereEqualTo just like how you use it for other data types. For example, if each Comment has a Post object in its post field, you can fetch all the comments for a particular Post with the following code:

LCObject post = LCObject.createWithoutData('Post', '57328ca079bc44005c2472d0');
LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Comment');
query.whereEqualTo('post', post);
List<LCObject> comments = await query.find();

To retrieve objects whose given field contains an LCObject that matches a different query, you can use whereMatchesQuery. The code below constructs a query that looks for all the comments for posts with images:

LCQuery<LCObject> innerQuery = new LCQuery<>("Post");
innerQuery.whereExists("image");

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Comment");
query.whereMatchesQuery("post", innerQuery);

To retrieve objects whose given field does not contain an LCObject that matches a different query, use whereDoesNotMatchQuery instead.

Sometimes you may need to look for related objects from different classes without extra queries. In such situations, you can use include on the same query. The following code retrieves the last 10 comments together with the posts related to them:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Comment');
query.orderByDescending('createdAt');
query.limit(10);
// Include the related post together with each comment
query.include('post');
// comments contains the last 10 comments including the post associated with each
List<LCObject> comments = await query.find();
for (LCObject comment in comments) {
  // This does not require a network access
  LCObject post = comment['post'];
}

You can even indicate multi-level associations using dot notations. If you wanted to include the post for each comment as well as the author of the post, you can do:

query.include('post.author');

Feel free to use as many times as you need for the same query to have multiple fields included. Related objects retrieved in this way also works with LCQuery helpers like.

Multi-level conditions passed into .include won't work with any LCObject contained in an array field. The furthest level that can be reached is the field itself.

You can also use dot notations with .select to limit the fields returned from the related objects:

query.select('post.author.firstName');

Caveats about Inner Queries

The Data Storage service is not built on relational databases, which makes it impossible to join tables while querying. For the relational queries mentioned above, what we would do is to perform an inner query first (with 100 as the default limit and 1000 as the maximum) and then insert the result from this query into the outer query. If the number of records matching the inner query exceeds the limit and the outer query contains other constraints, the amount of the records returned in the end could be zero or less than your expectation since only the records within the limit would be inserted into the outer query.

The following actions can be taken to solve the problem:

• Make sure the number of records in the result of the inner query is no more than 100. If it is between 100 and 1,000, set 1000 as the limit of the inner query.
• Create redundancy for the fields being queried by the inner query on the table for the outer query.
• Repeat the same query with different skip values until all the records are gone through (performance issue could occur if the value of skip gets too big).

Counting Objects

If you just need to count how many objects match a query but do not need to retrieve the actual objects, use countInBackground instead of findInBackground. For example, to count how many todos have been completed:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
query.whereEqualTo('isComplete', true);
int count = await query.count();
print('$count todos completed.');

Compound Queries

Compound queries can be used if complex query conditions need to be specified. A compound query is a logical combination (OR or AND) of subqueries.

Note that we do not support GeoPoint or non-filtering constraints (e.g. near, withinGeoBox, limit, skip, ascending, descending, include) in the subqueries of a compound query.

OR-ed Query Constraints

An object will be returned as long as it fulfills any one of the subqueries. The code below constructs a query that looks for all the todos that either have priorities higher than or equal to 3, or are already completed:

LCQuery<LCObject> priorityQuery = LCQuery('Todo');
priorityQuery.whereGreaterThanOrEqualTo('priority', 3);

LCQuery<LCObject> isCompleteQuery = LCQuery('Todo');
isCompleteQuery.whereEqualTo('isComplete', true);

LCQuery<LCObject> priorityOneOrTwo = LCQuery.or([priorityQuery, isCompleteQuery]);

Queries regarding GeoPoint cannot be present among OR-ed queries.

AND-ed Query Constraints

The effect of using AND-ed query is the same as adding constraints to LCQuery. The code below constructs a query that looks for all the todos that are created between 2016-11-13 and 2016-12-02:

LCQuery<LCObject> startDateQuery = new LCQuery('Todo');
startDateQuery.whereGreaterThanOrEqualTo('createdAt', DateTime.parse('2016-11-13 00:00:00Z'));

LCQuery<LCObject> endDateQuery = new LCQuery('Todo');
endDateQuery.whereLessThan('createdAt', DateTime.parse('2016-12-03 00:00:00Z'));

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery.and([startDateQuery, endDateQuery]);
List<LCObject> results = await query.find();

While using an AND-ed query by itself doesn't bring anything new compared to a basic query, to combine two or more OR-ed queries, you have to use AND-ed queries:

LCQuery<LCObject> createdAtQuery = LCQuery('Todo');
createdAtQuery.whereGreaterThanOrEqualTo('createdAt', DateTime.parse('2018-04-30 00:00:00Z'));
createdAtQuery.whereLessThan('createdAt', DateTime.parse('2018-05-01 00:00:00Z'));

LCQuery<LCObject> locationQuery = LCQuery('Todo');
locationQuery.whereDoesNotExist('location');

LCQuery<LCObject> priority2Query = LCQuery('Todo');
priorityQuery.whereEqualTo('priority', 2);

LCQuery<LCObject> priority3Query = LCQuery('Todo');
priorityQuery.whereEqualTo('priority', 3);

LCQuery<LCObject> priorityQuery = LCQuery.or([priority2Query, priority3Query]);
LCQuery<LCObject> timeLocationQuery = LCQuery.or([locationQuery, createdAtQuery]);
LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery.and([priorityQuery, timeLocationQuery]);

Optimizing Performance

There are several factors that could lead to potential performance issues when you conduct a query, especially when more than 100,000 records are returned at a time. We are listing some common ones here so you can design your apps accordingly to avoid them:

• Querying with "not equal to" or "not include" (index will not work)
• Querying on strings with a wildcard at the beginning of the pattern (index will not work)
• Using count with conditions (all the entries will be gone through)
• Using skip for a large number of entries (all the entries that need to be skipped will be gone through)
• Sorting without an index (querying and sorting cannot share a composite index unless the conditions used on them are both covered by the same one)
• Querying without an index (the conditions used on the query cannot share a composite index unless all of them are covered by the same one; additional time will be consumed if excessive data falls under the uncovered conditions)

Files

LCFile allows you to store application files in the cloud that would otherwise be too large or cumbersome to fit into a regular LCObject. The most common use case is storing images, but you can also use it for documents, videos, music, and any other binary data.

Creating Files

You can create a file from a buffer:

// resume.txt is the file name
LCFile file = LCFile.fromBytes('resume.txt', utf8.encode('LeanCloud'));

You can also create a file from a URL:

LCFile file = LCFile.fromUrl('logo.png', 
'https://leancloud.cn/assets/imgs/press/Logo%20-%20Blue%20Padding.a60eb2fa.png');

When creating files from URLs, the SDK will not upload the actual files into the cloud but will store the addresses of the files as strings. This will not lead to actual traffic for uploading files, as opposed to creating files in other ways by doing which the files will be actually stored into the cloud.

The cloud will auto-detect the type of the file you are uploading based on the file extension, but you can also specify the Content-Type (commonly referred to as MIME type):

LCFile file = await LCFile.fromPath('avatar.jpg', './avatar.jpg');

But the most common method for creating files is to upload them from local paths:

LCFile file = LCFile.withAbsoluteLocalPath("avatar.jpg", "/tmp/avatar.jpg");

The file we uploaded here is named avatar.jpg. There are a couple of things to note here:

• Each file uploaded will get its unique objectId, so it is allowed for multiple files to share the same name.
• A correct extension needs to be assigned to each file which the cloud will use to infer the type of a file. For example, if you are storing a PNG image with LCFile, use .png as its extension.
• If the file doesn't have an extension and the content type is not specified, the file will get the default type application/octet-stream.

Saving Files

By saving a file, you store it into the cloud and get a permanent URL pointing to it:

await file.save();
print(file.objectId);

A file successfully uploaded can be found in Dashboard > Data Storage > Files and cannot be modified later. If you need to change the file, you have to upload the modified file again and a new objectId and URL will be generated.

You can associate a file with LCObject after it has been saved:

LCObject todo = LCObject('Todo');
todo['title'] = 'Get Cakes';
todo.add('attachments', file);
await todo.save();

You can also construct an LCQuery to query files:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('_File');

Note that the url field of internal files (files uploaded to the file service) is dynamically generated by the cloud, which will switch custom domain names automatically. Therefore, querying files by the url field is only applicable to external files (files created by saving the external URL directly to the _File table). Query internal files by the key field (path in URL) instead.

On a related note, if the files are referenced in an array field of LCObject and you want to get them within the same query for LCObject, you need to use the include method with LCQuery. For example, if you are retrieving all the todos with the same title Buy Cakes and you want to retrieve their related attachments at the same time:

// Get all todos with the same title and contain attachments
LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
query.whereEqualTo('title', 'Get Cakes');
query.whereExists('attachments');

query.include('attachments');
List<LCObject> todos = await query.find();
for (LCObject todo in todos) {
  // Include attachments with each todo
  List<LCObject> attachments = todo['attachments'];
}

Upload Progress

You can monitor the upload progress and display that to the user:

await file.save(onProgress: (int count, int total) {
print('$count/$total');
if (count == total) {
  print('done');
}
});

Deleting Files

The code below deletes a file from the cloud:

LCFile file = LCObject.createWithoutData('_File', '552e0a27e4b0643b709e891e');
await file.delete();

By default, a file is not allowed to be deleted. We recommend you delete files by accessing our REST API with the Master Key. You can also allow certain users and roles to delete files by going to Dashboard > Data Storage > Files > Permission.

File Censorship

The censorship feature allows you to censor image files stored on the cloud.

You can Enable automatic content censor for subsequent uploaded pictures by going to Data Storage > Files > Censorship. You can also batch-censor all the images uploaded during a specific time scope. You can view the results of the censorship under the Files tab.

You can manually Pass or Block images even if they have gone through automatic censorship.

GeoPoints

You can associate real-world latitude and longitude coordinates with an object by adding an LCGeoPoint to the LCObject. By doing so, queries on the proximity of an object to a given point can be performed, allowing you to implement functions like looking for users or places nearby easily.

To associate a point with an object, you need to create the point first. The code below creates an LCGeoPoint with 39.9 as latitude and 116.4 as longitude:

LCGeoPoint point = new LCGeoPoint(39.9, 116.4);

Now you can store the point into an object as a regular field:

todo['location'] = point;

Geo Queries

With a number of existing objects with spatial coordinates, you can find out which of them are closest to a given point, or are contained within a particular area. This can be done by adding another restriction to LCQuery using whereNear. The code below returns a list of Todo objects with location closest to a given point:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = LCQuery('Todo');
LCGeoPoint point = LCGeoPoint(39.9, 116.4);
query.whereNear('location', point);

query.limit(10);
List<LCObject> todos = await query.find();

Additional sorting conditions like orderByAscending and orderByDescending will gain higher priorities than the default order by distance.

To have the results limited within a certain distance, check out whereWithinKilometers, whereWithinMiles, and whereWithinRadians in our API docs.

You can also query for the set of objects that are contained within a rectangular bounding box with whereWithinGeoBox:

LCQuery<LCObject> query = new LCQuery<>("Todo");
LCGeoPoint southwest = new LCGeoPoint(30, 115);
LCGeoPoint northeast = new LCGeoPoint(40, 118);
query.whereWithinGeoBox("location", southwest, northeast);

Caveats about GeoPoints

Points should not exceed the extreme ends of the ranges. Latitude should be between -90.0 and 90.0. Longitude should be between -180.0 and 180.0. Attempting to set latitude or longitude out of bounds will cause an error. Also, each LCObject can only have one field for LCGeoPoint.

Users

See TDS Authentication Guide.

Roles

As your app grows in scope and user base, you may find yourself needing more coarse-grained control over access to pieces of your data than user-linked ACLs can provide. To address this requirement, we support a form of role-based access control. Check the detailed ACL Guide to learn how to set it up for your objects.

Full-Text Search

Full-Text Search offers a better way to search through the information contained within your app. It's built with search engine capabilities that you can easily tap into your app. Effective and useful searching functionality in your app is crucial for helping users find what they need. For more details, see Full-Text Search Guide.